Robber Barons By John Davison Rockefeller And Andrew Carnegie

Robber Barons such as John Davison Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie were a large part of the propelling force that led the United States into a new frontier, setting the standard for the American dream. These men were known for their ingenuity, intuition, and innovation as business men. Each setting a high standard in their field, these men set out to accomplish greatness by revolutionizing their industry. They were known in history as the first men to become giants of the industrialized world, they created a new ear, and with it legacies that have lasted centuries. John D. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil company, and became one of the wealthiest men in the world, propelling America into a new frontier. In the 19th century, kerosene was highly demanded, and there were small kerosene manufacturing companies all over the United States. Rockefeller’s early life was no near the upbringing of a billionaire. His father began as a peddler working to make ends meet as his mother raised his brothers and sisters. He was given a $100 loan to buy a small boat, but by 1870, he established the Standard Oil company. In only 10 years, Rockefeller owned 90% of the U.S’s oil refineries. During this time, many accused Rockefeller as participating in unethical business practices. He collaborated with major railroads to eliminate his competition and used predatory pricing as well as horizontal integration to monopolize the entire oil industry. In 1886, Rockefeller took out a loan to buyShow MoreRelated19th Century s Famous Industrial Men : Robbe r Barons Or Captains Of Industry?1833 Words   |  8 Pagesmen: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? By: Justine Wetten Advanced U.S. History Mr. Unis January 5th, 2015 Discuss whether the industrial leaders of the late nineteenth century are more accurately described as â€Å"captains of industry† or â€Å"robber barons†? A. Plan of Investigation This investigation will assess whether the industrial leaders, such as, Andrew Carnegie, John Pierpont Morgan and John Davison Rockefeller were perceivedRead MoreWho Were the Robber Barons? what was their impact on the economy today? who are some modern robber barons? What is a robber baron who are the three robber barons listed?2886 Words   |  12 PagesWho Were The Robber Barons?A friendship founded on business is better than a business founded on friendship. These words ring true in the ears of business owners and CEOs even today. Who was the man that spoke these words that still have thought and meaning today? Why, none other than John D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller was one of the many robber barons of the gilded age. In case you were wondering, a robber baron is a ruthlessly powerful U.S. capitalist or industrialist of the late 19th centuryRead MoreAndrew Carnegie, John Davison Rockefeller, and John Pierpont Morgan: Captains of Industry831 Words   |  4 Pagesbut society as well. Andrew Carnegie, John Davison Rockefeller, and John Pierpont Morgan reflect the mammoth industrial age of America. Although some may argue these industrialists were â€Å"robber barons,† these men were, in reality, â€Å"captains of industry† utilizing modern business practices and technology which provided both cheap products and job opportunities for the public, as well as becoming large-scale philanthropists and contributing much to American society. Carnegie became the head of theRead MoreJohn Rockefeller: American Business Mogul Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Davison Rockefeller was born on July 8th, 1839 in Richford, New York. He was the second born of six children in the family. His father, William Avery Rockefeller, was an entrepreneur of his own. He claimed to have the ability to cure patients with cancer and charged up to $25 per treatment. His mother was a very religious and well-organized woman. Growing up Rockefeller started his entrepreneurship career early by selling candy and doing jobs for his neighbors. Little did anyone know this

A Sick Medicaid System - 1214 Words

A Sick Medicaid System August 5, 2012 Maine Department of Human Services (DHS) believed that they needed a new Medicaid system so that information could be safer, accurate, and provided more functions. This new system needed to be updated with the new HIPAA requirements. DHS managers reasoned that building a new system would be easier and less expensive to maintain than upgrading and maintaining the old system (Oz, 2009). In 2001 DHS put together a proposal. They received two offers. DHS chose the lowest bid from a company called CNSI. CNSI had no experience with a Medicaid system. When trying to build this new system there was very little†¦show more content†¦In what sense was the cutover in this case riskier than in other such conversions? As for DHHS they chose to build a new system unlike most states that chose to only integrate their systems so they met HIPAA requirements. By choosing to build a new system they would have no access to the legacy system and all information would now become extinct once the c ut over occurred. By DHHS rushing the conversion they in turn were not ready for the cut over and in turn also fell behind on the agreed schedule. By this occurring and the merging of departments the IT department was cut in half and no one discussed what the other was doing. Also, there was no one from HIPAA on the committee to begin with to approve and assist with all programming rules and regulations (Oz, 2009). Recommendations: There are several ways that DHHS could have conducted this conversion. My recommendations are as follows: (1) A project team should have been selected before the RFP’s were to be processed. (2) DHHS should have made some efforts to negotiate with Keane seeing that they were more qualified out of the two. (3) DHHS should have conducted more research on the companies that offered the bids. (4) DHHS should have conducted research on other states that just integrated their system to see if it worked for them. (5) DHHS should have usedShow MoreRelatedObamacare Cause and Effect Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesObamaCare and the Healthcare System Cause and Effect Essay ObamaCare and the Healthcare System Medical and health insurance is a very helpful and needed aid in America. Although not everyone can get it since some have pre-existing conditions, it helps a great deal of people. One of the terms in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, a.k.a. ObamaCare, says that even children with pre-existing conditions are guaranteed medical insurance. This may seem like a great thing to some, but thatRead MoreNetw206 W1 Assignment 11047 Words   |  5 Pageson in the world today. There is a housing market issue, health care reform issue, and companies fighting for paid sick leave from their jobs. There are many more this is just to name a few. The housing market is going to start booming again for a short time. The health care reform created by Obama will continue to be an issue for a long time, and companies are fighting to get paid sick leave when they are ill. There are so many things that have changed in the world, and it sure is not what it usedRead MoreObamacare : The Affordable Care Act1012 Words   |  5 Pagesmade Medicaid widely used as a healthcare insura nce in the United States, however Republican Governor Rick Perry and other conservatives have argued against the Medicaid expansion. In Texas the Affordable Care Act is not accepted by very many people, because the state is dominated by Republicans. Most Republicans oppose ObamaCare for many reasons, for example they believe that expansion is too expensive, reduces a person s incentive to work, and increases social dysfunction. Expanding Medicaid wasRead MoreFrontline: Sick Around the World975 Words   |  4 Pagesinsurance. In the videos, Sick Around the World and Sick Around America, Frontline examines the health care system in the United States and parts of the world such as, England, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and Switzerland, for some responses about health care. In the video Sick Around the World, Frontline travel to Britain, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and Switzerland to investigate their health care system. In Britain, there is no insurance premium or no copayments and the system covers everybody. In JapanRead MoreEffects Of Illegal Immigration On Health Care Cost1438 Words   |  6 Pagesand both the state and federally supplemented health care funds ( i.e. Medicaid) are forced to close the gap on the negative revenue return by increasing cost of services due to the excessive use and write off of public health care funds and services by illegal immigrants. 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In order to understand our current healthcare system you need to know about the history of healthcare, how it started, and its evolution. In my research, you will learn about the history of and present usage of the American Medical Association, hospitals, nurses, Medicare/Medicaid, and the HMO Act of 1973. Exhibit A: The American Medical Association

Critically Evaluate the Importance of Need Theories

Question: Discuss about the Critically Evaluate the Importance of Need Theories of Motivation in a Workplace setting. Answer: Introduction The mode of inspiration or the essence of motivation of diverse categories of personnel produces vigorous pattern of heroism in generating the collective efficiency of the professional institute. The determined business groups within the global square approve and implement awards scheme and evaluation structure for encouraging the teams of workforces. This might penetrate the actual plan of realizing the aim and fixing the target of positioning the neutral method of appreciation. Benevolent recompenses approved for the outstanding enactment of teams at drudgery intensifies the working spirit of the organizations to unlimited magnitude. It simply supports to enrich the talents in addition to the capability of forces (Cutler 2014). On the other hand, the real sprit of motivation correspondingly aids the society to execute well on top of customizing the taxation of brand reproduction to signify its presence in the transnational zone. It vitalizes the maxim that the show of the originali ty cling on by what means the bodies toil and undertake their assignment with ultimate presentation of their awareness plus propensity. Conversely, it is furthermore illustrious that mutually evaluation and award classification fashion a sagacity of combat amid the workers for a specific interval, still it organizes to mark a boundless wisdom in heightening the staffs for mounting the slog routine (Dhanabhakyam et al. 2012) Further convenient strategies executed by the entity to motivate the workers are to tribute the personnel for their exceptional application of art of work. It exists as an established element that the populaces with additional self-assurance achieve well at the industry level and dispose for enhanced opinions to the business. The forces lean towards effort and solider performance for winning the incentive (Ford 2014). This in fact assures to evolve out of distinguished personnel in the bond and this benefit the union to advance with progressively more competitive gain across the marketing regions. Needs of Motivation in a workplace setting According to the views of McClelland, every individual in a professional or deliberate working situation is further strappingly inspired by specific needs as well as a reduced amount of devotion by additional requirements. He moreover identified that one and all consumes entirely three of the drives of objectives of life, nevertheless basically with a diverse pattern of comparative gradation. Then, the outcome of the desires presents an exclusive assortment that contributes a remarkable depiction of its personality within an organization. He projected that an entity's unambiguous essentials are assimilated over lateral stages as well as are molded by an individuals lifetime acquaintances (Kamasheva et al. 2015). However as per the dictums of Herzberg, inherent forms of instigators in addition to the extrinsic influences need a transposed affiliation. This remains at a guess that the fundamental types of persuaders is likely to encourage the impulse as soon as they are contemporaneous, whereas extrinsic kind of instigators is disposed to condense the spirit of enthusiasm, the minute, they are distracted. This exists as a consequence of expectancy (Tracy 2013). Extrinsic persuaders such as, remuneration, benefits etc. are predictable and consequently does not drive to upsurge the varied levels of motivation while they stand in place, nevertheless they resolve to source disenchantment as soon as they are omitted. Intrinsic promoters as an instance, thought-provoking exertion, contrariwise, may stand as a foundation of supplementary impulse (Karic? et al. 2014). Individuals ought to possess prerequisites as well as tends to execute their tasks as soon as their principal and subordinate desires are encountered. Crucial needs are functional in nature for example, sustenance, aquatic elements, accommodations and doze. Subordinate desires present the interior state of affairs that determine the aspiration for supremacy, success plus belongingness. The original responses to appreciate the value of inspiration comprised discrete types of requirements. The principles of Motivation which are grounded on necessities initiate from the yearning to justify or realize a prerequisite. Encouraged with the amalgamation of vitality, strength of mind and prospect, Maslow preferred to comprehend the factors whatever persuades the individuals to fulfill the desires (Lee et al. 2015). He supposed that the persons possess a conventional stream of coordination of impulses isolated to recompenses or unresponsive longings. It is moderately factual that people live by funds single-handedly in the absence of bread. On the other hand, what come about to noblemans yearnings while there continues abundant quantity of funds and the minute an individuals abdomen is persistently overflowing? Simultaneously, added (besides sophisticated) inevitabilities appear as well as these, relatively than functional deprivations, monitor the person. Then once these in sequence are fulfilled, yet once more novel (as well as modest and greater) prerequisites materialize and so forth. This is anything people refer to by delineating that the elementary social desires are systematized into a pyramid of virtual pre-influence (Kamasheva et al. 2015). Theoretical Perspectives and significance within workplace settings Acquired Needs Concept McClelland acknowledged three forms of influences developed over a definite phase of interval consequently due to the involvements of varied categories of personnel associated with an organization. Hereafter the term signifies the features of Acquired Needs Concept as propounded by the eminent social psychologist which specifies the real perspectives of employee satisfaction and growth as the principal characteristics of organizational behavior. The stimuli are well understood through the distinctive patterns of skills acquired through spontaneous modes of learning (Kotherja et al. 2015). The employees endeavor to accumulate the tenets of enlightened faces of training and empowerment to deal with every form of circumstances in an organization. The institutional practices of behavior training and pragmatic implication in various departments as well as sectors of employment explicitly illustrate the personality traits embraced while learning the modules of activities (Tracy 2013). This enriches the inherent capabilities of varied classification of employees to nurture their instinctive potentialities and significance of actions as developed from practice. The prominent business institutes as the AIA Insurance in Lanka, Ceylon Tobacco Company, Diesel Motor Engineering, RD International, Mercantile Investments and Finance, Akzo Nobel Paints Lanka, or GlaxoSmithKline, John Keells Holdings and Ceylon Tobacco Company etc. have distinguished types of employees to recognize the prospective needs of organizational conduct (Lauby 2015). There are different aspects of stages of operational standards as comprehended by the performance level to justify the needs of personnel as well as the business organization irrespective of gender differences, class or religious creeds. The cultural impact of motivation leads to proportional means of drives of inspiration. This introduces a novel method of subscribing the fulfillment of requirements of primary and tributary states of desires that satisfy the requisites of life procedures (Magrath et al. 2010). The professional and accepted patterns of thoughts, aspirations, requests, appeals, etc. present the personified look of the qualities of humans. As per the philosophical doctrines of ideology prescribed by the famous researcher, the explicit stimuli can be categorized as: Requirement for Accomplishment Requisite for Relationship Want for Authority McClelland analyzed the requirements of innumerable personalities as well as categorized the desires as accomplishment, association and influence built prerequisites. Conferring to the standpoint of the McClelland, each individual embraces a target for success, association in addition to supremacy etc. Every single creature possesses the propensity to be inspired by any of the specific desires other than the additional dualistic perceptions. Consequently an individuals comportment and presentation is powerfully predisposed by the furthermost eloquent essentials of three significant desires (Karic? et al. 2014). Benefits and Drawbacks Condition for success Employees with boundless requirement for accomplishment require a robust aspiration to outshine. The hard workers search for neither sovereignty nor authorization. Reasonably their single concentration stands on victory. They favor to work which consumes a sensible chance of attainment and lean towards sidestepping extraordinary hazards as well as less threatening state of affairs. Less dangerous conditions are eluded for the reason of the accredited comfort of execution correlated to measures of small risk (Manzoor 2011). This originates as stress-free and not an accurate degree of accomplishment of victory for performance in the workplace. Greater threatening environments are escaped for panic that victory may be further linked to good fortune moderately than determination. Requirements might pose as competent to perceive the relationship concerning the stage of power they exercise in addition to the achievement that upshots in the execution of high end tasks. The individuals accor ding to the theoretical applications have a preference to labor single-handedly or using additional dynamos. The persons like to handle exciting missions bursting with manageable objectives (McClelland 2014). Response is enormously imperative in such situations to record the achievements of performers Condition for Supremacy The persons with a requirement for commanding attitude assign inordinate assessment to position, repute as well as appreciation. They ensure a condition to be professed as vital and they obligate a necessity to nonstop impact on others. Bestowing to the conceptual outline, they prefer resentment and winning. While this requirement is prodigious, the personnel do not wish to be exposed to criticism. The employees who emphasis on subjective influence needs the aspiration to regulate others (Zvavahera 2015). The workforces, who stress on convincing right, prefer to establish the exertions of additional individuals to attain the corporations aims. The Superintendents expending extraordinary requirement for organized command are further active than the persons having greater inevitability for refined authority (McShane et al. 2014). Inevitability for Attachment The staff members of the institutions require approachable dealings as well as are inspired in the direction of interface with added individuals. They want pleasant-sounding affiliations with other persons and require to sense customary reception from varied groups of people connected to the business. The relationship driver harvests inspiration and want to be adored and assumed in extensive warmth. These employees remain group performers. They have a tendency to follow the customs of effort. They accomplish satisfactory gains in client dealings (Kamasheva et al. 2015). Once the prerequisite for relationship is great, they prefer to be adored as well as adapt to the associations activities and desires. In this circumstance, they approve collaboration over opposition. This proves to be beneficial in professions of mutual communications for instance, the interpersonal relations and interactive interfaces instituted by the societal employees, community workers or else educators. The greatest demerit lies in the state of exaggeratedly worried regarding others discernments of them. They feel trouble in reflecting openhanded and acute comments to staffs or penalizing poor players. Herzbergs Two Aspects of Inspiration Pros and Cons Herzberg had contiguous acquaintances with Maslow as well as assumed a two dynamic models of inspiration. According to his version, there are definite motives that a professional institute could familiarize that to directly encourage workers to toil firmer (persuaders). Nevertheless, there remained furthermore influences which might demoralize a person in circumstances those are not existent. On the other hand, this may perhaps not essentially inspire the workers by themselves to toil harsher (hygiene impacts). The instigators are further apprehensive by means of the concrete employment itself such as, in what way the exertion is thought-provoking besides how far prospect it stretches for additional accountability, acknowledgement and up gradation. Hygiene elements are influences that frame the profession moderately than the career itself (Pilukiene 2015). For instance an employee may merely find to labor if an occupational institute provides a sensible level of reimbursement in addi tion to innocuous functioning environments. However these dynamics may not brand the employee to effort tougher for his profession formerly when the individual is present. If the administration desires to intensify employees' job fulfillment, they ought to be apprehensive of the environment of the exertion itselfthe occasions it grants to the personnel for acquisition of eminence, supposing obligation, and accomplishing self-consciousness. The condition, conversely, demands to lessen disappointment, when the supervision emphasize on the professional settings with regards to strategies, techniques, management, plus operational state of affairs. To safeguard a contented and prolific labor force, the executives need to recompense with consideration to mutual arrangements of employment issues (Pegler 2012). Figure 1.Motivators and Hygiene Influences (Pegler 2012: 4) Hygiene issues Extrinsic influences arrive from the occupational settings. The issues which stand as indispensable for survival of drive at the place of effort require magnifying the configuration of compensation for acquirement of wages. The arrangement ought to be applicable plus judicious. Identical and inexpensive facilities must be provided to the individuals within the similar business organizations as well as the area. The guidelines of the enterprise must not be excessively inflexible nevertheless vibrant, and impartial. The factors illustrate in the domain of leave, authorized time interruptions, uniform code, and bendable working schedules (Manzoor 2011). The peripheral profits lies in the influence of wellbeing and maintenance of careful strategies, welfares for domestic participants in addition to the member of staff benefit drivers. The physical functioning circumstances exemplifies in physically engaged situation that needs to be harmless, sparkling and sterile. The paraphernalia ough t to be glowingly sustained and rationalized Professional security need to be stressed with greater forms of organizational activities. The institutes need to offer occupational confidence to the personnel. The interactive affairs regard the affiliations with aristocracies, managers and juniors. This ought to be conventional with no form of clashes or embarrassment (Iorait? 2013). Instigator Aspects The acknowledgment of personnel at the workplace is duty-bound to be accredited and applauded for endeavors by the seniors. The triumph of workforces needs to possess the understanding of the sensation of accomplishment. This is reliant on the profession. The obligation surrounds the teams which must be specified with the concern of exertion. The development of teams ought to have prospects for progress and innovation. This would definitely escalate the essence of enthusiasm to execute the performances in healthier methods. The significance of labor specializes in operative exertion which must be stimulating, persuasive as well as inspiring for triggering of stimulus (McShane et al. 2014). Figure 2.Pros and Cons of Hygiene and Motivating influences (Pramanik et al. 2015: 33) Maslows Order of prerequisites Advantages and Disadvantages According to the theoretical perspectives of Maslow, individuals are inspired to realize positive needs, in addition to which selected desires take superiority above others. As soon as unique types of essential objective are gratified the members of staff pursues to live up to the ensuing one, and the rest (Pramanik et al. 2015). This five phases of idealistic platform may be allocated into uncomplicated (or insufficiency) requirements (such as, biotic, wellbeing) and developmental essentials (as, affection, and honor) that transmit to reward the social perspectives (self-realization). Figure 3.Maslows grading of requirements (Taormina et al. 2013: 160) The HRM procedures of the business institutes have exasperated to breach the competent capacities to be familiar with the internal potentialities plus facilities to disperse the opportunities of the kinsmen and females in addition to help them to surpass in their particular careers. The state-of-the-art assets arrange for distinctiveness to calculate the capacities concealed in them. The approaches of self-awareness, cheerfulness, plus self-realization categorically agreed to the tops of precedence to bear out the strains of the individual over and above the specialized existence (Sousa et al. 2012). The certified targets cannot remain the inferior concern in apportioning with the sociological, cost-effective besides radical and ethical issues. The corporations ought to deliver plentiful professional opportunity for the females to go faster very efficiently. The twin job outline of existence assists the experts to admit the mystifying expeditions that govern their goals as well as ambitions in their respective lifespan. This reveals an expectant assertiveness to face the adversities in an inventive mode (Taormina et al. 2013). The shocking sceneries are straightforwardly required to advance by the twosomes who challenge to compete with them using manifestation of cognizance in addition to skillful stability to complete the wide-ranging duties and routines of lifecycle. The pressure plus tensions exist as the interesting measure of the schedules being the present-day actions in the midst of the unchanging labor of cherished existence. The anxieties of the sequencers of everyday pr oceedings and panicky burdens reassure to undergo vivid stimuli of the space of the perception of the unlike avenues of the operational charms (Sprunt et al. 2014). They are moved and administered by the ethics of common and transcendent desires of the knowledgeable and sensible obedience. The unfussy requests attend to the desperate principles of admiration, food, protection, safekeeping and dignity that support to sprinkle as well as publicize the material traits of positive career plus maintenance of maturation. Conclusion The functioning honors and scheduling of reviews likewise satisfies the society to distinguish readily in constructing the gradient of experienced and knowledgeable personnel of the professional group. The suitable rise of talented forces upkeeps the body in fabricating assessment for the approaching improvement of the union in addition to its outlook. Resulting to the situation, the corporate unit equally implements benevolent systems of motivation to the workers for their admirable jobs. The structure of substantial encouragement acts to prodigious level in developing the competence of squads of employees. References Cutler, A. (2014) Leadership Psychology. 1st edn. London [etc.]: Kogabn Page Dr. M. Dhanabhakyam, D. and R. Umadevi, R. (2012) "Perception Analysis On Employees Motivation Techniques". International Journal of Scientific Research 1 (1), 70-73 Ford, J. (2014) Improving Training Effectiveness In Work Organizations. 1st edn. Psychology Press Iorait?, M. (2013) "Motivation Tools Though Lenses Of Prospective Employees". ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES 1 (2), 116-123 Kamasheva, A., Valeev, E., Yagudin, R. and Maksimova, K. (2015) "Usage Of Gamification Theory For Increase Motivation Of Employees". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Karic?, M. and C?izmic?, E. (2014) Motivation Of Public Sector Employees. 1st edn. Ljubljana: [M. Karic?] Kotherja, O. and Rapti, E. (2015) "The Importance Of Motivation In Employees' Performance In Schools". Journal of Educational and Social Research Lauby, S. (2015) Motivating Employees In The Digital Age. 1st edn. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Talent Development Lee, L., Tong, E. and Sim, D. (2015) "The Dual Upward Spirals Of Gratitude And Basic Psychological Needs.". Motivation Science 1 (2), 87-97 Magrath, C. and Little, G. (2010) "Communication - A Skill That Needs To Be Acquired". Veterinary Record 167 (12), i-i Manzoor, Q. (2011) "Impact Of Employees Motivation On Organizational Effectiveness". Business Management and Strategy 3 (1) Mazenod, A. (2013) Engaging Employers In Workplace Training - Lessons From The English Train To Gain Programme. International Journal of Training and Development 18(1), 53-65 McClelland, K. (2014) "Cycles Of Conflict". Sociological Theory 32 (2), 100-127 McShane, S. and Von Glinow, M. (2014) Organizational Behavior. 1st edn. New York: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin Olsen, TH., and Stensaker, I. (2013) A Change-Recipient Perspective On Training During Organizational Change. International Journal of Training and Development 18(1), 22-36. Pegler, C. (2012) "Herzberg, Hygiene And The Motivation To Reuse: Towards A Three-Factor Theory To Explain Motivation To Share And Use OER". Journal of Interactive Media in Education 2012 (1), 4 Pilukiene, L. (2015) "Students Integration Into The Labour Market: Formation Of Motivation, Salary Needs And Expectations". Social Sciences 87 (1) Pramanik, S. and Chatterjee, I. (2015) "Intrinsic Motivation, Emotional Intelligence, And Perceived Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Employees In Service Organizations". Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management 8 (12), 33 Sousa, C, Filipe Coelho,C., and Guillamon, E. (2012) Personal Values, Autonomy, And Self-Efficacy: Evidence From Frontline Service Employees. Int J Select Assess 20(2), 159-170. Sprunt, E., Nancy, H., and Angela, M. (2014) SEG Survey On Dual-Career Couples And Women: The Hidden Diversity Of Dual-Career Couples. The Leading Edge 33(7), 812-816. Taormina, R J., and Jennifer, H. (2013) Maslow And The Motivation Hierarchy: Measuring Satisfaction Of The Needs. The American Journal of Psychology 126(2), 155-177. Tracy, B. (2013) Motivation. 1st edn. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association Zvavahera, P. (2015) "An Analysis Of The Complex Model Of Motivation In Retaining And Motivating Employees". Business and Management Horizons 3 (1), 1

Marketing Expansion Proposal

Executive Summary ServeSoft Inc, a managed services company, provides IT services and training for clients based in Virginia, and in some parts of the United States, who do not want to set up IT departments. It uses a simple pricing approach with a fixed monthly fee. There are three classes of services namely, PC Management, Server Management, and Network management. The three main competitors in the market are, Bastionpoint, Iptech and Iservetech.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Expansion Proposal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The key demands that clients place on Managed Service Providers (MSP) include professional services, quick response, full time service, and regular training, all at affordable cost. For its expansion, ServeSoft has a good chance of increasing its presence in the managed services sector by concentrating promotion to its traditional market segment, which is growing rapidly. The goal for expansion is to become a prominent managed services provider in Virginia, through increased web presence. Proposed strategies for increasing the web presence include Search Engine Optimization and Social Media Integration by using LinkedIn and a blog. LinkedIn has a professional look to it. Its use will augment the development of a user-friendly website. The range of enterprises targeted includes medical practices, educational institutions, and all computer-using enterprises. The implementation of the strategy will be done in-house, except for the Search Engine Optimization component, which will be managed by Search Engine Optimization expert. International business involvement presents various risks and barriers including language, political issues, and technical concerns. It requires development of local capacity in overseas locations to handle on-site services. By tracking traffic to the website, feedback will be available to measure the success of the market expansion strategies. Business Overview Background on the market ServeSoft Inc. is a managed services company targeting clients with employees who number between ten and one hundred and fifty. ServeSoft is seeking to increase its online presence with the view of increasing its market share. It uses a simple pricing approach characterized by a flat monthly fee for contractual services while for special services there are specific predetermined costs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Clients seeking managed services are those that find it cumbersome and costly to set up an IT department. ServeSoft offers services tailored for their needs. They get the full benefits of a professional IT department complete with the state of the art equipment, without having to meet the capital and operational costs. ServeSoft retains specialists in all kinds of IT services to meet the client’s nee ds. By providing services to a large number of clients, ServeSoft generates sufficient revenue to make the services reasonably affordable to the clients, while attaining a reasonable return on investment. Services ServeSoft uses the internet to offer eighty percent of its services, classified under three main plans. Within each plan, a client chooses from a range of services available, determined by the degree of support the client needs. The degree of support ranges from remote support only via the internet, all the way to full support, which includes on-site servicing of a client’s IT equipment. The first plan is for PC Management. Through it, ServeSoft ensures that a client’s computers work optimally and remain protected from threats like viruses and malware. Under the second plan designed for Server Management, ServeSoft undertakes to monitor and maintain the client’s servers regularly. All the options under this plan include fulltime online support. The thi rd plan adresses Network Management. ServeSoft monitors operations of the client’s network to optimize it as required at any one time. The client receives warnings about any impending problems with their network requiring preemptive action. This plan also includes disaster recovery guidance. In addition to these services, ServeSoft offers training to its clients on various issues regarding IT management. The training covers basic aspects of computer maintenance, which provide the client with the capacity to conduct simple troubleshooting routines to ensure the system does not fail. Pricing and Distribution Each plan attracts a different pricing model determined by the degree of support a client requires. The prices are preset and as such, a client is certain about IT costs as at the time of signing the contract. For each additional service within a plan such as backup services, a flat fee of $200 USD applies. The main mode of relaying these services to clients is via the inte rnet.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Expansion Proposal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most the services offered involve connecting to a clients system via the internet. This reduces the cost of travel for all the services that are deliverable online. However, some services require on-site visit to a client’s premises. In these situations, ServeSoft sends a technician to the client’s premises to carry out the task. Competitors There are several competitors based in various parts of Virginia. The three main competitors are Bastionpoint, IpcTech, and Iservetech. Combined, these three companies boast 50% of the market share within the state of Virginia. BastionPoint Technology has a market share of 20%. The main mode it employs to appeal to clients is addressing decision makers. It offers to provide computer services and networking solutions. Their website experiences minimal traffic. It s positioning portrays a service provider of highly specific services. IPCtech has been on the market for ten years, it offers IT and educational services to a worldwide clientele. It controls 20% of the market share in Virginia. It positions itself as an affordable cost service provider for IT services, communication, and storage space, revealing the significance of cost in the industry. The president and vice presidents all have LinkedIn profiles. Traffic to their website is minimal. Iservetech promotes itself as a one-stop shop for IT services. They sell their solutions as affordable and as scalable. Their products include opportunities for collocation, which means having expandable offsite data storage to meet growing needs a client. They also provide telephony services. Isevertech uses its website to reach clients. Traffic to it is also rated as minimal. Competitor Array Key industry Success Factors weighting Bastionpoint rating Bastionpoint weighted Iptech rating Iptech wei ghted Iservetech rating Iservetech weighted Distribution .4 5 2 6 2.4 3 1.2 Customer Services .3 5 1.5 3 .9 4 1.2 Economies of Scale .2 3 .6 3 .6 2 .4 Product Innovation .1 4 .4 7 .7 3 .3 Totals 1.0 12 4.5 19 4.6 12 3.1 From the above analysis, we can deduce that Iptech presents the most serious competition. They have the strongest product innovation credentials but are weak on customer service. BastionPoint has the best customer service credentials among the selected competitors.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Customer Base ServeSoft has its core infrastructure and management in Richmond, Virginia. It is able to offer online services to virtually anyone in the world provided they have a reliable internet connection. ServeSoft has clients in several states within America who are purely on online service contracts. For services requiring on-site maintenance visits, operations have been limited to Richmond, in Virginia. This represents 20% of the total number of ServeSoft’s clients. Services Required by Customers Managed services, is a fast growing sector in the IT industry. Client demands continue to change quickly as general awareness grows regarding available services. Kelly, Morledge and Wilkinson (2002) observe that, â€Å"the client’s value system, an outcome of the strategic management process, has a diffuse and profuse impact on the project development process†. ServeSoft has identified some service areas clients require from their managed services provider. They demand professionals to handle their needs, no matter how small. As soon as a client feels that professionals are not managing their needs, confidence levels drop. Secondly, they demand quick response to their inquiries. IT has become part of the core infrastructure for most businesses. It is comparable to reliable power supply. Clients cannot afford to have downtimes due to system failures and they seek to ensure that someone who will ensure that this never happens provides their managed services. The third service demanded by clients is twenty-four hour service. It is necessary to have customer support staff full time to ensure quick resolution of any problems the client experiences. Finally, they demand regular training on new technologies and methods to make sure they can fully benefit from them. Environmental factors Other factors that influence businesses in the managed services sector include rapidly changing technology, growing risk of cyber attack, and regulation by govern ments limiting penetration, and the growing demand for affordable high quality IT services. SWOT Analysis Strengths A solid history in the industry Reliable infrastructure that can support growth and expansion Good reputation among clients Weaknesses Small workforce Insufficient web presence Opportunities A fast growing market for managed services Improving technology making possible high quality services at a lower cost Threats Competition, both local and international The suitability of ServeSoft for online marketing is not in doubt. It has been using the internet to offer services. The business understands the various issues that influence the use of the internet for reaching clients and providing services. By moving the business online, ServeSoft gets an opportunity to present the value offering it has for clients. Target Market For the purposes of expansion, ServeSoft has good prospects in continuing to serve the same market segment. The target market is the small to me dium size businesses with ten to five hundred employees who do not have the capacity to maintain a fully-fledged IT department. This segment has been growing tremendously because of the large number of people laid off in the recent years because of the economic downturn. Many people have opted to start their own businesses across the country, and hence the growth in demand for managed services. Part of the potential clientele include those who have had IT departments but are now finding it more cost effective to outsource the services to a managed services provider. ServeSoft can grow its business by targeting start-up businesses and taking up IT functions from businesses that are seeking to outsource the function. The proposed growth strategy for ServeSoft includes a complete rebranding exercise. This includes the development of a new logo that represents the aspirations of ServeSoft, to become a dominant player in the Virginia market, and eventually in the whole of America. It inc ludes refurbishing the website, using Search Engine Optimization (S.E.O.) and social media integration. The message for the promotion effort will be presenting ServeSoft as a reliable managed services provider, building up on the momentum and client confidence generated so far. The range of enterprises targeted includes medical practices, manufacturing facilities, educational institutions and virtually any businesses that use computers for their operations. Goals The proposed goal of ServeSoft in its growth strategy is, to become the dominant service provider for IT managed services for small and medium sized businesses in the state of Virginia and subsequently in the entire United States. This is attainable by seeking to raise the market share in Richmond from 15% to 25% in the next one year through taking advantage of new business provided by start-ups and outsourcing companies. This is equivalent to 150% growth in clientele base since the total market is growing rapidly. Over the next three years, Soft Serve aims at being the dominant player in the state of Virginia. In particular, the proposed goals for the marketing effort include the following. To develop a new website with user friendly features. To Implement a Search Engine Optimization strategy to increase the websites visibility To implement a Social Media Integration strategy to increase web presence Marketing Strategies The need for good strategy underlies the observation by Venkataraman and Pinto (2008) that, â€Å"projects as we know, do not succeed or fail solely on the basis of sound planning – project execution requires us to apply those plans in a meaningful way†. By using low cost internet marketing strategies, the budget for the marketing exercise will remain manageable. One of these strategies is Search Engine Optimization. The goal of search engine optimization is to increase the visibility of the website in search engines to give the website a large web presence. Many bus inesses rely on the internet to find service providers. The idea is that with a greater web presence, the number of visitors who will visit the website from the search engine will increase, and with that, more opportunities for business. This requires ServeSoft to increase its online presence to grow its market share. Secondly, ServeSoft offers many services online. It naturally follows that online presence is very critical for ServeSoft. While service delivery is not the same as marketing, a weak online presence could work against ServeSoft. Search engine optimization will achieve these goals for ServeSoft. ServeSoft will upgrade its website to make it more informative and user friendly to secure the interest of visitors. The options available for search engine optimization include cross-linking the pages of ServeSoft’s website, generating website content that includes frequently used keywords and regular updates to promote crawling back to the site by search engines. There will be need to ensure the inclusion of frequently used keywords to the web page’s Meta data to improve the ranking by search engines. To determine effectiveness, Google Analytics will to provide advertising tracking while Chartbeat Analytics will provide traffic tracking. Through Analog 6.0, it will be possible to carry out traffic/referral tracking. Social media integration represents one of the key places to find business in the emerging business world characterized by online activity. Many businesses are opting to have a presence in the social media. It is common to find corporate organizations with facebook fan pages, flickr accounts and a presence on twitter. Other options are a presence on Youtube and maintaining a blog that deals with common issues faced by clients. A blog can help improve product design because clients provide feedback on issues and ask questions. It also serves as a record of key discussions regarding services the company renders. This makes it a cr itical resource for the company because it can refer clients who are evaluating service providers to it. Ignoring social media is ignoring business opportunity. A cross presence will guarantee the best results. The official website can accommodate icons for each social media site that ServeSoft participates in. However, the key social media platform that ServeSoft will use is LinkedIn. LinkedIn has a professional look and will present the image that ServeSoft seeks to present to its potential clients. The strategy will involve linking up with potential clients to form linkedIn groups where ServeSoft can continually discuss client needs and develop products that meet those needs. LinkedIn requires much less maintenance compared to most other social media. ServeSoft will therefore prioritize the use of LinkedIn. To rope in prospects not reachable via LinkedIn, a blog will come in handy. The blog will provide a platform for readers to make comments, suggestions and to ask questions. It will be an industry first. Competitor analysis: Social Media Table ServeSoft Bastionpoint Iptech Iservetech Facebook Absent Absent Absent Absent LinkedIn Absent Present Present Present Youtube Absent Absent Absent Absent Blog Absent Present Absent Present Implementation Plan The Implementation will mainly involve in-house staff because most of the expertise is available. The only expert ServeSoft will need is a Search Engine optimization Expert. Below is the proposed implementation plan. TASK PERSON RESPONSIBLE DATE DUE 1 Product development RD manager (Product development) November 20th 2 Website development Content development Graphics and display optimization Head of IT November 24th 3. Social media integration Linked in account Setting up blog IT manager and Public Relations Officer November 24th 4 Search engine optimization Head Of IT November 28th With some consideration during the website’s design, it is possible to improve the clie nt’s experience vastly. This includes the limited use of graphics to ensure that the website’s load time is minimal. Secondly, the website’s design will not include sections or media types that require additional plug-ins to work. The aim is to make the experience as convenient and as hassle free as possible. It will also ensure that the website displays easily across multiple platforms without requiring a user to download additional plug-ins to view the content. In addition, the website will include elements for customer support, which include a live-chat facility, and a link for requesting a representative to call back. These two additions will enhance the professional look of the website. The global market for managed services is large. By venturing to offer managed services to the global market, there is a huge potential for business growth. Using the current business design, it will call for additional infrastructure and labor to provide the services to a g lobal clientele. Some risks to global operations include payment systems, defaulters, lack of common arbitration mechanisms for disputes involving the company and its clients, regulatory issues, and relevance of services to remote clients. The business environment is different geographically and this difference influences how clients respond to an offering. Cultural differences also will be a key risk to the business, because if product design fails to consider the business culture, the product may not sell. The key competitive advantage ServeSoft has in the face of global competition is a reputation and a proven service record. This will ward off competition especially from startups. To ensure the global market feels included in the marketing effort, the slogan must have a universal appeal. Slogans, themes and the brand identity should avoid appearing as too American. This may alienate potential overseas clients because such a brand identity will make the services on offer appear a s if designed for the American market. In order to venture successfully to the international market, there will be need to collaborate with local companies to provide on-site services. This may involve a prequalification process and training of the technical personnel to ensure they have the technical skill and capacity to offer services competently. It may also require setting up special help desks to handle overseas business because of different realities such as time zone differences, bandwidth limitations and the language barrier. The time zone difference affects business since there are regions in the world on peak periods when America is on non-peak time. This means that the clientele base will require special service conditions. All these require careful consideration before engaging an international customer base. Bandwidth limitation will make communication between representatives from ServeSoft difficult and slower. Doing routine checks will require more time and hence imp act on the income. Finally, language barrier present the biggest challenge because without a common language, it will be impossible to solve any issues. As a business with international ambitions, ServeSoft cannot operate without sufficient employment of e-commerce. In particular, ServeSoft must use an online payment system to collect payments from offshore clients who receive services from ServeSoft. It will use the services of a payment service provider, with priority to Paypal since they have a solid reputation for completing online payments. Many people do not yet trust online payment systems so the choice of a service provider is important. In countries where Paypal does not operate, ServeSoft will use wire transfer to collect payments. Another application that Servesoft will benefit from is the use of shopping cart software to ease a shopper’s online experience when looking for managed services by the inclusion of a relevant icon. Other applications like instant messagi ng, email, and teleconferencing will provide the facilities needed for negotiating contracts with clients and for providing clients with information on service delivery. Budget The primary web server for the business will be a shared server from a hosting company. Monthly server costs would be $32.99 USD. There is no set-up cost, the site design cost would be $2875.00 for the full site including 1 year of maintenance. This includes custom scripts to implement customer management tools. After the first year, the charge is $1200.00 per year for a maintenance contact or $150.00 per incident if out of contract. Evaluation of Results The measurement of the success of the proposed strategy for increasing ServeSoft’s web presence will involve collecting comments and questions sent in through the social media integration component, and by customer surveys sent out to different market segments using tools such as the Web Survey Master. After analysis, the results will indicate which s egments of the market is responding well, and which ones will require a different approach. In addition, use of software such as eStream helpdesk can improve customer satisfaction by grouping them by service level agreement. If any component does not produce the anticipated results, its inclusion will require review. Business statistics such as growth statistics will be the eventual evidence of success. At the end, it is not how many visitors the website attracts, but how many of these become clients. An analysis of the data collected will provide input for the drawing of performance graphs for the extraction of information relating to the success of the marketing expansion effort. Reference list Kelly, J., Morledge, R., Wilkinson, S. (2002). Best value in construction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Venkataraman, R. R., Pinto J. K. (2008). Cost and value management in projects. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. This report on Marketing Expansion Proposal was written and submitted by user Giovani I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pychology article essays

Pychology article essays The article that I chose was called, Old Brains Can Learn New Language Tricks. The person on which I explained this article to was my boyfriend. This article was very relevent to some of the concepts we learned about from the book. The concepts which this article was related to was in Chap 2 and 5. This artical was relevent to what we learned about neurons, how they receive messages and the action potential. It was also very relevant to Learning which is in Chap 5, and about the two types of conditioning. This particular article was explaining how native Japenese speakers have only one phonetic category for similar sound. Native speakers become hopelessley confused when they hear words that begin with the letters R and L. Therefore, the challenge for the Researchers in this article, was to teach native speakers of Japanese to hear the difference between L and R reliably after just one hour of training. The subjects, all of whom had great trouble with the letters before train ing, used the computer for three 20-minute sessions. After one hour, they could clearly distinguish the difference between L and R. I didnt find it very difficult to get my boyfriend to understand the article. He actually found it to be quite interesting. Once I began explaining to him about the neurons and how they receive messages from other neurons, he became a bit confused. However, he understood the learning process and the two types of conditioning there is a bit quicker. Overall, he did seem interested about the article and I actually thought it was interesting also. I think he learned a little bit more about neurons and how they send messages and he actually mentioned to me that he felt like he learned a little bit more after I explained everything to him. After explaining all the concepts from the book that were relavent to the article I felt like I also learned more. I ...

Free Essays on World Bank

Preparation Outline by Marcus Colicelli Stop the World Bank Thesis: Introduction 1. AGD: I hope no one here opposes the senseless killing of millions a year, because that it what I intend to persuade all of you to help stop. For less then the price of a cup of coffee you can help save starvin Marvin and others like him from disease, famine, and utterly destitute poverty killing millions [pause] So why the hell are there these poor naked people on t.v. with stomachs swollen by malnutrition and eyes devoid of all pleasure? Well, the world bank has something to do with it all. 2. Thesis: The World Bank is a terrible bane of humanity that promotes the worst kinds of suffering on people through the ugliest facets of a purported democratic system. 3. Preview: First I will cite some of the specific atrocities unleashed upon many countries by the World Bank. Second, I will show how an insatiable lust for power is the disgusting cause. And finally, we will see that there does remain a glimmer of hope to help those less fortunate then us by stopping the tyranny of the bank. [ Tyranny, atrocities, I bet you are confused about what this strange bank is and what kind of problems it is wreaking.] I. The main problem is that a once good idea has run out of control and left some devastated people in its wake. The World Bank Group was created in 1944 to make loans or guarantee credit to its 177 member countries. And according to www.brettonwoodsproject.org the bank also makes loans to restructure a country’s economic system by funding structural adjustment programs or SAP’s which is what many countries are who believed in these programs. A. One of the major problems is that these structural adjustment programs are just not working. 1. According to the book The Political Economy of Social Inequalities in almost every â€Å"third world’ country where these programs have been applied things have stayed the same or gotten much... Free Essays on World Bank Free Essays on World Bank Preparation Outline by Marcus Colicelli Stop the World Bank Thesis: Introduction 1. AGD: I hope no one here opposes the senseless killing of millions a year, because that it what I intend to persuade all of you to help stop. For less then the price of a cup of coffee you can help save starvin Marvin and others like him from disease, famine, and utterly destitute poverty killing millions [pause] So why the hell are there these poor naked people on t.v. with stomachs swollen by malnutrition and eyes devoid of all pleasure? Well, the world bank has something to do with it all. 2. Thesis: The World Bank is a terrible bane of humanity that promotes the worst kinds of suffering on people through the ugliest facets of a purported democratic system. 3. Preview: First I will cite some of the specific atrocities unleashed upon many countries by the World Bank. Second, I will show how an insatiable lust for power is the disgusting cause. And finally, we will see that there does remain a glimmer of hope to help those less fortunate then us by stopping the tyranny of the bank. [ Tyranny, atrocities, I bet you are confused about what this strange bank is and what kind of problems it is wreaking.] I. The main problem is that a once good idea has run out of control and left some devastated people in its wake. The World Bank Group was created in 1944 to make loans or guarantee credit to its 177 member countries. And according to www.brettonwoodsproject.org the bank also makes loans to restructure a country’s economic system by funding structural adjustment programs or SAP’s which is what many countries are who believed in these programs. A. One of the major problems is that these structural adjustment programs are just not working. 1. According to the book The Political Economy of Social Inequalities in almost every â€Å"third world’ country where these programs have been applied things have stayed the same or gotten much...

Beckett's prose Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beckett's prose - Term Paper Example Considering the times, it makes sense that much of Samuel Beckett’s works—his plays, poetry, and novels—focus on the theme of madness. This reaches back very early in Beckett’s career, even in his first novel, Murphy, published in 1938. It explains why many consider Beckett an existentialist, although as Ackerley and Gontarski state, Beckett’s views are far removed from Sartre’s existentialism (501). Much of Beckett’s works, especially his plays written after the war, have existential themes, although it is incorrect to pigeonhole him as an existentialist. It seems that as Beckett progressed in his career, he became both more existential and minimalist. Beckett is often mislabeled as an existentialist because of his connection with Theatre of the Absurd as described by Martin Esslin (n.p.), who coined the phrase and used Beckett and Waiting for Godot as his main examples. Plays in the Theatre of the Absurd genre have been strongly influenced by existentialism. Esslin saw them as the fulfillment of the existential thinker Albert Camus’ concept of â€Å"the absurd.† By placing Beckett’s plays within the genre and connecting them with Camus, Beckett was subsequently wrongly closely associated with the existentialists. It cannot be denied, however, that Beckett’s works, even his earlier ones like Murphy, have existential themes. Esslin describes these themes as â€Å"the sense of metaphysical anguish at the absurdity of the human condition† and the â€Å"sense of the senselessness of life, of the inevitable devaluation of ideals, purity, and purpose† (n.p.). Beckett’s works, including Murphy, can be placed squarely within this tradition of writing. Murphy is Beckett’s second work of prose, and his first novel. Unlike most of his works, which were composed in French, it was written in his

Digital tools and effective strategies for taking notes and for Research Paper

Digital tools and effective strategies for taking notes and for learning content - Research Paper Example These tools include mobile phones, games based on knowledge among other software, programming, tablets, laptops, desktops, computers, applications, voice and video recorders, televisions, radios, and online learning. Additionally, the internet as at large which has different dockets for example the social media, Wikipedia and many more digital tools (Di, 2014). There are several applications that are downloaded on our mobile phones, computers, laptops, desktops which have functions both for note taking and content learning. Google notebook is a good example of a web-based note taking application. The Google application includes a labeling, a rich-text editor and Google bookmarks (Di, 2014). Evernote is another application that is suitable for note taking. Evernote is a cross-platform worldwide seizure application which is free. Evernote has a support for text, images, tagging, audio. This mobile application offers seamless capturing of information (Di, 2014). The internet and the social media is a good digital source of content learning. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube are some of the social media networks that are good sources of information. The social media are a platform of informing people of the current trends in the world. YouTube and for example Google are a good sources of learning information too. Both voice and video recorders are important ways of taking information and also a good storage source. These types of information from the recorders are always firsthand information and are not altered (John, 2008). Snap chat and screenshots are another ways of notes keeping that are used by many people currently. Screenshots are taken from mobile phones and are a very fast way to keep the information learnt for future references. Games for both mobile and computer are an excellent way of learning that was discovered recently. Games promote conceptual understanding. For example the

Gender Strategies Essay Example for Free

Gender Strategies Essay Gender strategies refer to a literary strategy and a manner of analyzing literary works. As a strategy, gender strategies pertain to the infusion of differing gender expectations and roles given a patriarchal social context. Men hold a higher position relative to women. This also extends to hints of feminism with literary works showing the efforts made by women to attain defy the patriarchal system and achieve equal status with men or women characters placed in positions of power. As an analytical tool, gender strategies refer to the differentiation between masculine and feminine character traits. The differences in the perspectives of men and women develop with the influence of culture. This also considers the way that the image of women in the literary work captures the difficulties in living in a patriarchal society and the challenges to attain equality. Another line of analysis is by expanding literary themes beyond the male and female to consider the homosexual perspective represented by literary works. (Meyer, 2002) Gender strategies worked in the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ (Shakespeare, 1997). Patriarchal belief and male dominance is one defining theme of the play. Egeus used the law compelling daughters to marry the man chosen by their fathers with refusal punishable by death to force Hermia, his daughter, to marry Demetrius, the man that Egeus wants his daughter to marry. There was also a hint of feminism, with Hermia defying her father and the law by eloping with Lysander. Titania, the queen of the fairies, also holds an equal position with Oberon, the king of fairies by refusing to agree to make her Indian changeling a knight of Oberon. In analyzing the play, the patriarchy experienced by the characters reflects on the Athenian culture that gives men higher status than women do. The male characters, Egeus and Oberon, make the decision and enforce these decisions on the women characters. The women characters, Hermia and even the fairy queen Titania, suffered difficulties in resisting the dominant male characters. References Meyer, M. (2002). The Bedford introduction to literature (6th ed. ). New York: St. Martins Press. Shakespeare, W. (1997). A midsummer nights dream. In G. Blakemore-Evans J. J. M. Tobin (Eds. ), The riverside Shakespeare (pp. 256-283). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Where are we Headed in Cyberculture? Essay -- Computers Technology Ele

Where are we Headed in Cyberculture? According to Sven Birkerts in his essay, Into the Electronic Millennium, â€Å"a change is upon us – nothing could be clearer. The printed word is part of a vestigial order that we are moving away from – by choice and by societal compulsion† (Tribble and Trubek, 63). It is impossible to disagree with this statement given the technological evolutions that have occurred over the years. The availability and preference of what is involved in the change is what is called into question. Although we are moving toward a computer-centered society, I do not believe this change can occur for everyone. There are several factors to consider other than simply the presence of technology. Reflecting on the history of print culture, Birkerts writes that â€Å"the dominant oral culture was overtaken by the writing technology† and the art of physically writing was â€Å"effected in the late fifteenth century after Gutenberg invented moveable type† (63). Naturally, people were wary of accepting such changes because they preferred the old, familiar way of doing things. They liked what they were used to and were proficient at doing. The same is true for people of our day. Students are much more likely to prefer a computer to a book, because we have little to no choice in the matter. All of our work must be complete on a computer and we are required to search scholarly journals within databases to complete research papers. There are a few groups however, who I can imagine are less likely to put down a book and grab a keyboard. First, there is a generational issue to consider. People whose youth came before computers were introduced to the general public probably are not as familiar with them and may be less likely to c... ...is way would not be the preferred method. Coinciding with my belief is Wendy Lesser in her essay, The Conversion, states that she â€Å"wouldn’t want to read a novel or even a ten-page story on e-mail† (228). In summary, yes, I do believe that we are moving towards a more computer-orientated society, but I do not see this change happening for everyone. I will believe a change will be more widely available when the cost of a new computer significantly drops and when the ease of use significantly rises. For those of us who are computer-saavy and who have spent years in front of a computer, we welcome the change and may even wonder what has taken so long, but for those children whose student-to-computer ratio is thirty-five to one, they will dread the day when they will be forced to use something they can not afford and wouldn’t know how to use if they could afford it.

Pakistan and modern concept of rule of law Essay

Aristotle said more than two thousand years ago, â€Å"The rule of law is better than that of any individual.† The notion of the â€Å"rule of law† stems from many traditions and continents and is intertwined with the evolution of the history of law itself. The Code of Hammourabi, promulgated by the King of Babylon around 1760 BC, is one of the first examples of the codification of law, presented to the public and applying to the acts of the ruler. In the Arab world, a rich tradition of Islamic law embraced the notion of the supremacy of law. Core principles of holding government authority to account and placing the wishes of the populace before the rulers, can be found amid the main moral and philosophical traditions across the Asian continent, including in Confucianism. In the Anglo-American context, the Magna Carta of 1215 was a seminal document, emphasizing the importance of the independence of the judiciary and the role of judicial process as fundamental characteristics of the rule of law. In continental Europe notions of rule of law focused on the nature of the State, particularly on the role of constitutionalism. Rule of law is classical principle of administrative law. As a matter of fact this principle was one of the principles that acted as impediment in development of Administrative Law principles. The irony further is that the rule of law is now an important part of modern Administrative Law. Whereas the rule of law is still the one of the very important principles regulating in common law countries and common law derived countries modern laws has denied some of the important parts of rule of law as proposed by Dicey at the start of 19th Century. DICEY’s RULE OF LAW: As mentioned above the concept of rule of law backs to the time of Aristotle. Aristotle ruled out the concept of rule under discretion by all means and tried to convey his followers that given the choice it is always rule of law that scores over rule of discretion. Though Sir Edward Coke was the originator of this concept, but Dicey developed this theory. Now it is popularly known as Dicey’s theory of Rule of Law. It is also known as the Traditional concept of rule of law. According to Dicey, this doctrine has three meanings: i) Supremacy of Law ii) Equality before law iii) Predominance of legal spirit SUPREMACY OF LAW: Rule of law in this sense means the absolute supremacy of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power or wide discretionary power. Dicey says, Wherever there is discretion, there is room for arbitrariness and that in a republic no less than under a monarchy discretionary authority on the part of the Government must mean insecurity for legal freedom on the part of its subjects.  EQUALITY BEFORE LAW: Dicey states that there must be equality before the law or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts. According to him, there should not be any extra-ordinary tribunals or special courts for officers of the Government and other authorities. PREDOMINANCE OF LEGAL SPIRIT: Dicey emphasized the role of the courts of law as guarantors of liberty & suggested that the rights would be more secured if they were enforceable in the courts of law than by mere declaration of those rights in a document. Dicey’s theory of rule of law was never accepted fully even in his days. Many scholars criticized his theory. He was firm proponent of the concept and very influential thinker of his times. Though the first two principles are still in almost every legal system of world, the third principle was protested many of jurists of that time. The Dicey in particular opposed the principle of French system of  Droit Administratiff. England at that time was in fact propounding some quasi legislative and quasi judicial processes which were taken cognizance of English thinkers of that time; still the whole common law system of country was blindfolded with the Dicey’s philosophy of â€Å"rule of law.† MODERN CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAW Recent attempts to formalize its meaning have drawn on this rich history of diverse understandings. The modern conception of the rule of law has developed as a concept distinct from the â€Å"rule of man†, involving a system of governance based on non-arbitrary rules as opposed to one based on the power and whim of an absolute ruler. The concept of rule of law is deeply linked to the principle of justice, involving an ideal of accountability and fairness in the protection and vindication of rights and the prevention and punishment of wrongs. Long before the United Nations, States were working towards a rule of justice in international life with a view to establishing an international community based on law. SEVEN MODERN PRINCIPLE MEANING OF RULE OF LAW Davis gives seven principal meanings of the term Rule of Law  which is known as Modern concept of Rule of Law. These are as follows: i) Maintenance of Law & order. ii) Existence of fixed rules iii) Elimination of discretion where it is not necessary iv) Following due process of law or fairness v) Observance of the principles of natural justice vi) Preference for Judges and ordinary courts of law to executive authorities & administrative tribunals vii) Judicial review of administrative actions. MODERN RULE OF LAW DEFINED IN INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS. Today, the concept of the rule of law is embedded in the Charter of the United Nations. In its Preamble, one of the aims of the UN is â€Å"to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained†. A primary purpose of the Organization is â€Å"to maintain international peace and security†¦ and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace.† The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the historic international recognition that all human beings have fundamental rights and freedoms, recognizes that â€Å"†¦ it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law†¦Ã¢â‚¬  FOR THE UN, THE SECRETARY-GENERAL DEFINES the rule of law as â€Å"a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency.† The principle of the rule of law applies at the national and international levels. At the national level, the UN supports a rule of law framework that includes a Constitution or its equivalent, as the highest law of the land; a clear and consistent legal framework, and implementation thereof; strong institutions of justice, governance, security and human rights that are well structured, financed, trained and equipped; transitional justice processes  and mechanisms; and a public and civil society that contributes to strengthening the rule of law and holding public officials and institutions accountable. At the international level, the principle of the rule of law embedded in the Charter of the United Nations encompasses elements relevant to the conduct of State to State relations. The Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations: recognizes the inherent link between the UN and the international rule of law. Its preamble emphasizesâ€Å"the paramount importance of the Charter of the United Nations in the promotion of the rule of law among nations.†Drawn from existing commitments in international law, the core values and principles of the UN include respect for the Charter and international law; respect for the sovereign equality of States and the principle of non-use or threat of use of force; the fulfillment in good faith of international obligations; the need to resolve disputes by peaceful means; respect for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms; recognition that protection from genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and war crimes is not only a responsibility owed by a State to its population, but a responsibility of the international community, the equal rights and self-determination of peoples; and the recognition that peace and security, development, human rights, the rule of law and democracy are interlinked and mutually reinforcing. Appropri ate rules of international law apply to the Organization as they do to States. RULE OF LAW IN DEVELOPING SOCIETY LIKE PAKISTAN: IN developing societies, the rule of law is often slaughtered at the altar of discretion and personal whims. However, governance, peace, investment and development are interlinked with the extent of the rule of law in a society.Where the rule of law exists the government and its functionaries are accountable. Due care is exercised to ensure that no single organ of the state becomes omnipotent. Mere legislation alone is not enough. Public consent strengthens the rule of law. Laws not synchronized with social and cultural values result in low acceptance. Awareness regarding the law not only empowers but also improves enforcement. In the developing world, the public tends to narrowly interpret the rule of law. In Pakistan, evidence  abounds of how the law is bent or broken, with society suffering as a consequence. Misappropriation of public money, sale of spurious medicines, issuance of fake degrees, non-payment of taxes and loans are but a few examples of lawlessness in Pakistan. In a democratic society the rule of law reflects the quality of governance. Weak enforcement of the law provides space to criminals and terrorists to further their aims. For example in Karachi, the country’s biggest city, the Supreme Court has taken notice of the existence of ‘no-go areas’. The presence of gangs in the Lyari area is another challenge for the Karachi police. Such groups patronize extortion, as well as the proliferation of weapons and drugs. Though we are an energy-starved country, the theft of electricity and gas is considered normal practice. For example, illegal gas connections in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Karak district have touched alarming levels. The district is said to be a defaulter of Rs210m. Our tax laws provide exemptions to certain sectors, such as agriculture. According to a media report only 0.81 million people filed tax returns during 2011-12, despite the fact that some 3.39 million people possessed National Tax Numbers. â€Å"Only 0.6pc of the population pays taxes in Pakistan, as against 4.7pc in India, 58pc in France and 80pc in Canada,† the report observes. The easy availability of weapons and explosives is another grave issue badly affecting peace in the country. According to an estimate 20 million illegal weapons pose a serious threat to national security. However, deweaponization based on zero tolerance can earn dividends. Balochistan is a province where establishing the rule of law is a major challenge. The country’s largest province, as far as area is concerned, is divided into ‘A’ and ‘B’ policing areas. To strengthen the writ of the government in 2003 a program of converting ‘B’ areas into ‘A’ areas at the cost of Rs5.515bn was started. But owing to certain reas ons the colonial-cum-tribal set-up was restored in 2009. When institutions fail to protect human rights and dispense justice, the vacuum is filled by non-state actors. The low conviction rate encourages criminals. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, during 2012 in cases of terrorism, the conviction rate was only 4pc. Overall in Pakistan the conviction rate varies from 5pc to 10pc, whereas in the US it is 95pc. According to India’s National Crime Records Bureau data, in that country during 2012 the conviction rate was 38.5pc. The rule of law requires balance between rights and responsibilities, where no one is above the law —  including the government. The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights and everyone is supposed to have access to justice, including the accused. In our context judicial activism and a free media have enhanced the understanding of human rights. From September 2012 to September 2013, 45,040 complaints were filed with the Human Rights Cell of the SC. Yet delayed justice erodes the public’s confidence in the system. For example in 2012 there were 107,088 cases pending in 437 courts of Sindh alone. Reluctance of the witnesses to testify speaks to the defects in the system. The rule of law requires a human-friendly correctional system, having the capacity to correct human behavior. But Pakistan’s overcrowded jails only end up creating more hardened criminals. RULE OF LAW UNDER CONSTITUTION OF ISLAMICE REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN 1973 In the constitution of Pakistan 1973 the principle of rule of law was embodied in shape of article 4 which though is not a part of the fundamental Rights however provides better safe guard to the individual as even in the emergency this right to be dealt in accordance with law is not suspended. As it was held in Jamal Shah Case PLD 1966 SC 1. According to Kaikas Justice Article 4 prevents the Government from taking any action in their country for which there is no legal sanction and it at the same time debars the legislature from creating an authority whose actions are not subject to law. It was also held in Mir Ali Nawaz Bugti vs. Superintendent Jail PLD 1966 sc 357 , 360 It is intended to negative any claim by the Government that any category of its acts in relation to citizens and other persons in paksitan are not subject to law at all In Brig. Imtiaz Ahmad vs Govt. of Pakistan 1994 SCMR 2142, 2160. It was sought to be argued that the Appellant the former director Intelligence Bureau who had challenged the registration of some criminal cases against him was not an ordinary man, the supreme court thought it necessary to recall for the benefit of all concerns that â€Å" the law makes no difference between great and petty officers ; thank God they all are amenable to justice. In Federation of Pakistan vs. Ghulam Mustafa Khar PLD 1989 SC 26, 53 It was held that so predominant is the position of Article 4 in the constitution that it furnishes the only Guarantee assurance to the citizen  when the fundamental rights are suspended.in a ay the Article confers a right which is more basic then fundamental rights because while the fundamental rights can be suspended the right given in Article 4 cannot be. In Manzoor Ellahi vs. federation of Pakistan PLD 1975 SC 66 it was held that Pakistan is governed Rule of Law as as embodied in Article 4 and 5 of Constitution. The constitution creates no right and imposes no duty in vain. INTRODUCTION OF DUE PROCESS AND FAIR TRIAL IN FORM OF ARTICLE 10-A â€Å"10A. Right to fair trial.- For the determination of his civil rights and obligations or in any criminal charge against him a person shall be entitled to a fair trial and due process.† After introduction of Article 10 A The due process of law which is relatively a wider term than the rule of law has been made the part of fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution to the subjects of the state. Through Article 10-A of the Constitution which is largely inspired by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the legislators have introduced two fundamental concepts i.e. of due process and fair trial. Interlinked as these are, due process has a much wider meaning than fair trial. The history of due process is rooted in the Magna Carta in English jurisprudence and, subsequently, in the American jurisprudence surrounding the 5th and 14th amendments to the US constitution. The 14th Amendment, for example, states: â€Å"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† The US Supreme Court has interpreted the 14th Amendment as having created a constitutional natural law that would be available as a protection against the states and not just the federal government (which was the position under the 5th Amendment). In Pakistan the Article 10 A is still under process of interpretation before various court as various exiting laws have been challenged in various writ Petitions. However it can be presumed that the introduction of Article 10 A would be serve as an instrument for the legislature and law enforcing agencies to seal with the subjects on equal footing while law making process. CONCLUSION: For improvement in the rule of law, the ‘enforcement wings’ of authorities  such as the Federal Board of Revenue, civic administrations, PEMRA, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority and the Drug Regulatory Authority etc. need better administration. The media in Pakistan, especially the electronic media, has the potential to educate the masses regarding their role in the establishment of the rule of law. Instead, at times, some outlets end up glorifying non-state actors. Improved rule of law in Pakistan requires an improved criminal justice system, especially in Fata, Balochistan, Karachi and certain parts of KPK. Therefore capacity-building and revamping of the whole criminal justice system is essential. Reforming one component will not work; synchronised reforms are the need of the hour.

The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century Essay

Cultural Anthropology Introduction Are Quang dab peg and epilepsy the same thing?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the book, the two words are interpreted differently. They seem to mean the same thing as it can be seen through Lia, whereby the Staff of the Merced Hospital conclude that Lia is suffering from Epilepsy, which further translated to Quag dab peg. However, the Hmong culture interpreted this differently. They believed that Quang dab peg is brought by a bad spirit known as dab, which is accountable of stealing the souls of the victims, thus, making the victim suffer. On the other hand, they believed that epilepsy is a western medicine that is used for the treatment of neurological conditions. Though both Quag dab peg and epilepsy has similar symptoms, each culture interpret the symptoms differently. This makes the both of them to appear differently, making the condition of them be different illness that requires different treatment. Drawing from â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†, the Hmong culture holds that the Quag dab peg as a condition with honor whereby the thoughts of the victim has authority to perceive things that are not visible to other people (Fadiman, 20).Therefore, regardless of the perception of the two cultures, the symptoms of the disease that Lia is suffering from is a clear indication that they are the same, thus, the two words, Quagdabs peg and epilepsy represents the same thing. How doctors and TXIVneebs fix bodies and souls in the book â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drawing from the book, â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†, the doctors and the TXIVneebs were responsible for healing the patients. In both cultures, they used different approaches in line with their understanding about the illness. As such, the methods of the doctors caring for Lia is different from the method her parents would have taken. The doctor feels that, Lia conditions to treat her epilepsy is through writing her prescription and giving her dosages. Though the doctors did not understand how frequent to administer the drug, Lia’s parent also holds that it is not right to give their daughter too many tablets. Nevertheless, they opted for traditional Hmong medicine, including herbal and coin. Moreover, Lees also seek assistance of a Shaman, which is a type of alternative medicine famous among Asian-Americans. How the doctors perceived to treat the Lia’s condition was different from her parents’ perception. Wish ing to utilize Shamans goes with their believe about the symptoms of epilepsy. Shamans usually define their patients as missing intact souls and work to diagnose and treat the condition that cannot be treated by a physician (Fadiman, 28). Through this healing method, it is extremely distinct from the traditional forms of healthcare found in America. Lees prefer this method because of their cultural background, but despite the variation in the methods of healing, both the Lia’s and the Lees doctors conclude that they all want Lia to restore her health. Both the doctors are concerned about the end result of the disease as well as the well being of Lia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Hmong culture, the Quag dab peg it treated through shamanic rituals whereby the TXIV were responsible for carrying out the ritual. A TXIVneeb treated the patients on a metaphysical plane as in the case of Lia, whereby Lia’s rituals were usually carried to lure her soul back to her in order to restore her welfare. A TXIV placed a bowl containing sacred water in Lia’s room in the anticipation that her soul would come back. Moreover, they would sacrifice pigs in her parents house and place string on Lia’s wrist so as to keep the soul from escaping. Lia’s doctor could not understand the concept of soul loss in the way the TXIV need to understand to negotiate for Lia’s souls. This was one of the things that brought misunderstanding of both cultures. The cause of Lia illness was misinterpreted by both the doctors and her parents, the belief of Lia’s parents was that Lia was suffering from Quag dab peg while the doctors believed that Lia was suffering from epilepsy. As a result, Lia parents opt to take Lia to tivxneebs for traditional treatment. On the other hand, the doctors contend that Lia condition can only be controlled through antiepileptic medications, which they gave her. The contradictory paradigms of each member bring about misunderstanding of the disease. As a result, different methods for treating Lia are suggested for Lia welfare. For example, Lia’s parents failed to provide Lia with medications because they felt it would harm her, and decided to take Lia to TXIV when she grow up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in both cases, the TXIV and doctor’s requirements were only the same in the fact that they both contacted the house through calls. The work of the doctor is to treat the physical symptoms. In this case, Lia’s epileptic symptoms were treated with different medication such as phenobarbital and Dilantin, whereby the dosages were directed though writing the prescription. Following the above case and given the problems that Lees had, do you think, as Fadiman asks that the â€Å"gulf† between these worlds is unbridgeable?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my opinion, we cannon holds that the world is unbridgeable. It is only a matter of examining the problems as they occur. Taking Lia case, the doctors held that she was suffering from epilepsy, while the society held that it was Quang dab peg. This was just at this time whereby the statement can hold. In the modern world the breakthrough has developed, which also continues to develop. When Fadina was phrasing the question, she was caught between two different cultures that holds different views. There was complete discord between the doctors and the Hmong(Fadiman, 259).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hospital staff saw as if Lia’s parent were not caring for her health, but the fact is that they cared and wanted to take her to a traditional doctor, which they had been using. Besides, her mother has been preparing salves for her every day. Therefore, it is clear that the world is bridgeable, though it depends on the people’s perception. It is a matter of time and knowledge in the usage of something, but there will always be a breakthrough in the world. Besides, it is clear that man cannot heal by science alone, there can be other form of mechanisms that can deliver treatment effectively through the cooperation between the doctor and the patient as seen through the tivxneebs doctors. People always seek for the best results to restore their life, regardless of the professionalism, but in the case for Lia, it is just because of the unbridgeable cultural gulf whereby the blame for what and who should have done the treatment should be attached ((Fadiman, 256). Some of the specific practical examples of people/groups that are trying to â€Å"bridge the gulf† in the life or the soul†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the relevant group that bridge the gulf in the life is the medical groups. Drawing from Fadiman claims that teaching medicine to students is a perfect job of separating students from their emotions, the various methods that are applied by medical doctors to prevent and treat illness provide the best treatment from traditional forms of treatment. The medical group spendstheir efforts and energy in research so as to provide solutions to problems that affect the society. In most cases, they come up with solutions concerning deadly disease that takes peoples life. For example, they have been able to develop measures for preventing HIV/AIDS, whereby a victim of HIV/AIDS can survive by just taking Antiretriviral drugs (ARVs). The medical groups have provided more attention since the Fadiman book was published because it incited doctors to concentrate on their profession ((Fadiman, 201).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering Lia last diagnoses, a health care professional who struggled for almost twelve hours to control her condition did not even noticed her sex. The physician was so dedicated to safe Lia’s life and it might be the reason that Lia survived. This shows clearly that the medical group bridge the gulf in order for the victim to survive. In most cases, the medical group does not sleep, they keep awake trying to provide services to the patients all the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lia was the first Hmong to have ever heard of being treated by different doctors with the aim of saving her life. Most nurses and doctors sacrificed their energy and time to help her get well, although after all she died. Lia’s condition established the turning point to bridge the gulf for the medical group. She was the catalyst for bridging the gulf in minds and hearts and institutions and policies that impact them, thus, contributing to one of the cultural shifts whose root becomes more obscure the more its impact is experienced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The traditional groups also provide their sacred services with the mere aim of bridging the gulf of life. Through Lia’s case, it is apparent that the TXIVneeb dedicated their effort trying to negotiate for Lia’s life. The TXIV also dedicated their time to cooperate with Lia in the negotiation process. Moreover, the TXIV conducts an effective session of psychological therapy for Lia. Therefore, the traditional groups are also concerned about the life or the soul of the victim and hadly struggle to restore the soul. References Fadiman, Anne. The spirit catches you and you fall down: a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. Print. Barnard, A. (1998). Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology. London: Routledge. Haviland, W. (1996).Cultural anthropology (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College. Lewellen, T. (2002).The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. Barnard, A. (1998). Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology. London: Routledge. Haviland, W. (1996).Cultural anthropology (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College. Lewellen, T. (2002).The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. Source document